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- Library AND Information Service
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This section is based on:
Understanding the elements of a bibliographic record or citation (note punctuation):
Author, Initials. Date of publication. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Volume. Place of Publication: Publisher.
| Author, Initials. | Date of publication. | Title: | Subtitle. | Edition. | Volume. | Place of Publication: | Publisher. |
| Weideman, A.J. | 2003. | Academic literacy: | Prepare to learn. | 2nd edition. | Vol. 1. | Pretoria: | Van Schaik. |
Understanding the elements of a bibliographic record or citation (note punctuation):
Author, Initials. Date of publication. Title of chapter: Subtitle of chapter, in Editors of book (eds). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page numbers of chapter.
| Author, Initials. | Date of publication. | Title of chapter: | Subtitle of chapter, | in | Editors of book (eds). | Title of book: | Subtitle of book. | Edition. | Place of Publication: | Publisher. | Page numbers of chapter. |
| Blanton, L.L. | 1994. | Discourse, artefacts and the ozarks: | Understanding academic literacy, | in | V. Zamel & R. Sparks (eds.). | Negotiating academic literacies: | Teaching and learning across languages and cultures. | Revised edition. | New Jersey: | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. | 235-319. |
Understanding the elements of a bibliographic record or citation (note punctuation):
Author, Initials. Date of publication. Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol(Issue):page numbers of article.
| Author, Initials. | Date of publication. | Title of article. | Title of periodical, | Volume | (Issue): | Page numbers of article. |
| Jawitz, J. | 1995. | Performance in first- and second-year engineering at UCT. | South African Journal of Higher Education, | 1 | (9): | 101-108. |
Understanding the elements of a bibliographic record or citation (note punctuation):
| Party Names | Year of publication | Volume number (if available) | Law Report Abbreviation | Start page | (Court Abbreviation, if available) |
| Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue | 1993 | (4) | SA | 161 | (AD) |
| Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue | [1993] | 2 | All SA | 496 |
Understanding the elements of a bibliographic record or citation (note punctuation):
Author (if available), Initials. Date of publication. Title: Subtitle [Medium]. Available: URL [Access date Year, Month Day].
| Author, Initials. | Date of publication. | Title: | Subtitle | [Medium]. | Available: URL | [Access date]. |
| Norback, J.S. | 2001. | Shoptalk 101: | Integrating workplace communication into undergraduate engineering curricula | [Online]. | http://www.orms-today.org/orms-8-01/norback.htm | [2005, August 31]. |
Note: The access date for internet sources indicate the latest date that the source was accessed. As Internet links often change, all links should be tested before handing in any work. Add the access date to all Internet sources to indicated that the link was tested on the specific date. No access date is to be used after a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
In the reference list: Write the surname and initials of authors.
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Two authors
Norback, J.S. & Lwellyn, D.C.
Use the ampersand (&) in the reference list and when the names of the authors are not part of the sentence:
| Example: | '. . .' (Norback & Lwellyn, 2001). This was contested in the same year (Norback & Lwellyn, 2001). |
When the authors' names form part of the sentence, use 'and':
| Example: | According to Norback and Lwellyn (2001:18), ... |
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More than two authors
When reference is made to three or more (up to five) authors, all authors should be indicated in the first instance of mention (in text). Thereafter, use "et al.".
| Example: | First reference in text: | Davies, Brown, Elder, Hill and McNamara (1999:25) describe ... | |
| Subsequent references in text: | Coherence is an aspect of discourse competency (Davies et al., 1999:25). | ||
| Davies et al. (1999:25) describe coherence ... |
In-text: For more than five authors, list the first five authors followed by et al.
Write the names of all the authors in the reference list:
| Example: | Davies, A., Brown, A., Elder, C., Hill, K., Lumley, T. & McNamara, T. 1999. Dictionary of language testing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
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Two authors with same surname and year of publication
| Example: | '. . .' (Black, G., 1995:78). This, however, was contested in the same year (Black, C.M., 1995:99). |
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No author
Write the title in the place of the author.
| Example: | In-text |
| There were singers and dancers (Scott Joplin, 2016:7). | |
| Reference list | |
| Scott Joplin. 2016. Maputo: Musica Press. |
| Example: | In-text (Newspaper article) |
| Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê, 2016:3). | |
| Reference list (Newspaper article) | |
| Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê. 2016. Die Burger, 16 June:3. |
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Same author, same year
| Example: | In-text |
| (Brown, 2005a) (Brown, 2005b) (Brown, 2005a, 2005b) |
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| Reference list | |
| Brown, A.J. 2005a. Brown, A.J. 2005b |
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Double names for authors
| Example: | No hyphen in surname: | Sonya Buxman Fenwick | Write as: | Fenwick, Sonja Buxman |
| Hyphenated surname: | Sonya Buxman-Fenwick | Write as: | Buxman-Fenwick, Sonja |
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Author surnames with prefixes
| Example: | Afrikaans and French: | Laura du Toit | Write as: | Du Toit, Laura. |
| German: | Ludwig van Beethoven | Write as: | Beethoven, Ludwig van. |
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Corporate bodies and organisations
Write out in full in the reference list.
Use the abbreviated form in-text.
Omit articles in front of names of organisations.
Subordinate units in countries: Write country followed by unit, e.g. South Africa. Department of Eduation.
| Example: | In-text |
| SABC | |
| Reference list | |
| South African Broadcasting Corporation |
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Anonymous author or interviewee
State as: [Anonymous and their job, situation or affiliation].
For example: [Anonymous patient] or [Anonymous teacher]
| Example: | In-text |
| [Anonymous patient 1], (2015) says, "..." | |
| Reference list | |
| [Anonymous patient 1]. 2015. [Anonymous patient 2]. 2015. |
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Secondary reference
| Example: | Black (quoted in Green, 2003:33) says, "..." |
| Black (in White, 2002:22) gives an outstanding analysis ... |
No date
Latin abbreviation [s.a.] = sine anno; can also use ‘no date’ [n.d.].
| Example: | In text: | (Ross, [s.a.]) |
| Reference list: | Ross, F.C.L. [s.a.]. A first course in probability. New York: Macmillan. | |
| Note: | Use capital letter after full stop. Use lower case after comma or colon. | |
More than one date:
Use '-' to separate the dates:
Mopani District Municipality, 2013-2014. Integrated development plan 2011-2016.
Access dates (Internet sources):
The access date for internet sources indicates the latest date that the source was accessed. As Internet links often change, all links should be tested before handing in any work. Add the access date to all Internet sources to indicate that the link was tested on the specific date.
Title
Use precise wording, spelling and word order of original title.
Write the titles of published works in italics. Titles with subtitles are separated by a colon.
The title of an unpublished work is not italicised.
| Example: | Graaff-Reinet during the First World War: A socio-historical investigation. | |
Make sure that you know the requirements of the department/journal with regards to the use of capital letters in titles.
If a title is very long, part of it may be left out when it is referred to in the text. Indicate by an ellipse with a space before and after each full stop ( . . . ), e.g.:
| Example: | A critical view of linguistics . . . | |
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Subtitle
Write subtitles with a capital letter (after colon).
| Example: | Negotiating academic literacies: Teaching and learning across languages and cultures. | |
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Anonymous work (not signed as 'Anonymous')
Long titles may be shortened (see note above in this section).
| Example: | You cannot dance without music though you can sing instrumentally without dancing. 2015. Shorten as: You cannot dance without music . . . (2015:3). (You cannot dance without music . . ., 2015:3). |
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Edition
Specify specific edition of publication.
| Example: | Press, W.H. 1998. The art of scientific computing. Revised edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | |
If it is not the first edition, also indicate it as such.
| Example: | Press, W.H. 1998. The art of scientific computing. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | |
Place of publication
Use the place name indicated most prominently. If more than one name, use the one that is listed first.
If place name is normally associated with specific country, the country does not have to be specified.
| Example: | Cambridge: ABC Publishing. | |
| BUT | ||
| Cambridge, Mass.: Sun Books. | ||
Abbreviate the names of American states. Include the name of states for different cities with the same name, e.g. Cambridge.
If the place of publication is not indicated, use the Latin abbreviation ‘s.l.’ (sine loco = without place).
Burden, R.L. & Faires, J.D. 1997. Numerical analysis. [S.l.]: Cole Publishing.
| Example: | Burden, R.L. & Faires, J.D. 1997. Numerical analysis. [S.l.]: Cole Publishing. | |
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The information in source references should be in the same language the researcher uses to write the research report. If the report is written in English, place names in the reference list must also be in English. Abbreviations should also be given in English, for example: ed. (editor).
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Publisher
The name of the publisher should be in the shortest form. Omit additions such as 'Ltd.', '& Sons' and 'Inc.'.
'David Gresham Ltd.' becomes 'David Gresham'. 'Macmillan Publishers' becomes 'Macmillan'. The word ‘Press’ is retained in the name of a university press.
If the name of the publisher is not known, use ‘s.n.’ (sine nomine = without name), or the English abbreviation ‘n.n.’ (no name).
| Example: | Stewart, J. 1995. Early transcendental. Durban: [s.n.]. | |
When both the place of publication and publisher are unknown, use [S.l.: s.n.].
If the author is also the publisher, the name of the publisher is also omitted at the end of the reference.
| Example: | Aids Foundation of South Africa. 1998. Aids in South Africa. Cape Town. | |
Page numbers
In the reference list/bibliography, page numbers are only given for chapters or contributions in a book and for articles in journals. Give the numbers of the first and last pages in the reference list/bibliography. Only give specific numbers of the relevant page(s) in the text.
| Example: | In text: | . . . provides clear evidence for this (Matthews, 2000:317). |
| Reference list: | Matthews, R. 2000. A quintet of queuing quirks, in H. Peters (ed.). Mathematical madness. Pretoria: Van Schaik. 316-329. |
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Sources with no page numbers
When page numbers are omitted, refer to the paragrah number by using the abbreviation para.
| Example: | In text: | . . . provides clear evidence for this (Van Wyk, 2013:Chapter 1, para. 7). |
| Reference list: | Van Wyk. 2013. Mathematical madness. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Chapter 1, para. 7. |
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Scriptural citations
Ruth 3:1-18
2 Kings 11:12
Isaiah 61:1-3
Luke 4:18-19
When using a source cited by another author and that original source cannot be located, then cite the source that you consulted when indicating the original source.
In the reference list, write the source that has been used.
Format:
Author Surname, cited in Author Surname Year, thus:
(Coates, cited in Lee, 1986:34)
Coates noted that ... (cited in Lee, 1986:34).
Reference list:
Lee, S.T. 1986. The semantics of advertising. Psychology Today, 19:34-37.
Citing several sources at once.
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More than one source at once
Write the authors in alphabetical order:
| Example: | '. . .' (Baines, 2008:4; De Visser, 2011:93-94; Ramsden, 2009:84). or: This was contested in the same year (Baines, 2008:4; De Visser, 2011:93-94; Ramsden, 2009:84). |
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Different sources by same author
When reference is made to more than one source by the same author, write as follows:
| Example: | Baines (2003:45, 2008:61, 2010:30) describes ... | |
| or: | ||
| A description of ... (Baines, 2003:45, 2008:61, 2010:30) |
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Same author, same year
| Example: | In text |
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(Brown, 2005a) |
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| Reference list | |
| Brown, A.J. 2005a. Brown, A.J. 2005b. |
Reference list or bibliography?
The reference list in the Harvard method contains only sources cited in the text. A bibliography contains additional sources to those cited in the text.
Reference list:
| Reference list example (excerpt) | Comment |
| Aids Foundation of South Africa. 1998. Aids in South Africa. Cape Town. | Author is also publisher. |
| Beethoven, Ludwig van. 1803. De Vries, J. 2012. Du Toit, L. 2010. |
Include article, prefix or preposition as surname is used for Afrikaans and French surnames. In German surnames, use last name, e.g. Ludwig van Beethoven becomes Beethoven, Ludwig van. |
| Graaff-Reinet during the First World War: A socio-historical investigation. | No author, arrange according to title. |
| John, K. 2007. Johnson, K. 2007. |
Rule of 'nothing before something'. John precedes Johnson. |
| Johnson, K. 2007. Johnson, K. 2008. |
Same author, arranged chronologically according to date. |
| MacArthur, J. 2010. McAllister, L. 2012. M'Carthy, H. 2012. |
Prefixes such as M, Mac and Mc in alphabetical order as they are, thus not all as 'Mac'. |
| Ross, F.C.L. [s.a.]. A first course in probability. New York: Macmillan. | No date. |
| Weideman, A.J. 2003a. Weideman, A.J. 2003b. Weideman, A.J. 2003c. |
Same author, same year. |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a number assigned by the International DOI Foundation to trace digital content by means of a persistent link to its location on the Internet. For example, submitting a DOI number for the DOI Handbook (10.1000/182), will retrieve the specific document or set of documents. Alternatively, by clicking on the relevant link (https://doi.org/10.1000/182) for the DOI Handbook, will retrieve the specific document or collection of documents. |
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Find a document or document information by using a DOI
Example: Search by using the following DOI in the search box below: 10.1000/182. This will take you to the publisher's website (in this instance to the International DOI Foundation's Handbook).
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For more information, see the International DOI Foundation.
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| Example: | In text: | (Nell, 2011:150). |
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Reference list: | Nell, I.A. 2011. Embodied leadership: Paradigm shifts in the leadership of a local URCSA congregation. Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 52(1):148-160, doi:10.5952/52-1-13 |
| Note: No full-stop after DOI. No access date after DOI. |
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Order of elements, e.g. Author, Initials. Date of publication. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Volume. Place of Publication: Publisher. Punctuation Spaces Italics Capital letters Brackets Order of individual entries (reference list) Alphabetic – chronological |
Examples are arranged alphabetically according to publication type. Some duplication exists to cover varieties of terminologies, for example 'periodical' and 'journal'.
For the addition of examples that are not represented in this list (see, for example, areas marked with '?'), please contact Santie de Jongh (santiedj@sun.ac.za) with further examples to be added.
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Reference list | In-text reference |
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Abstract |
Lee, S.T. 1986. The semantics of advertising [Abstract]. Psychology Today, 19:34-37. |
(Lee, 1986). |
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Acts, Laws & Statutes (legislation) |
Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. Pretoria: Government Printer. |
According to the National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000 (Republic of South Africa, 2000), young people are also entitled to be treated with respect and dignity. |
| Acts, Laws & Statutes (legislation, declaration) | Republic of South Africa. Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs. 2020. Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002: Declaration of a national state of disaster. Government Gazette no. 43096, 15 March. Available: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202003/43096gon313.pdf [2022, September 1]. | According to the Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002 (Republic of South Africa, 2020), .... |
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Annual report |
Library and Information Service. 2019. Annual Report [Online]. Available: https://www0.sun.ac.za/lib/en/mobile/index.html [2020, October 13]. |
(Library and Information Service, 2019). |
| Application (mobile app) | Northwest Project Development. 2017. Cell Biology-101, Version 1.80 [Mobile app]. Available: https://apkpure.com/cell-biology-101/com.northwestprojectdevelopment.prepcellbio101 [2018, October 10]. | (Northwest Project Development, 2017). |
| Application (studies, forms, brochures) | University of Pretoria (UP). [n.d.]. MMus: Music therapy [Online]. Available: https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/94/ZP_Files/mt-application-brochure.zp190697.pdf [2022, May 5]. | According to the University of Pretoria's (n.d.) application form, ... |
| Archive material (Special collections: Complete with collection number) | A. Botha collection, Ms 318. Manuscripts section, Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. | In the Botha collection (A. Botha), ... |
| Archive material (Special collections: Complete with collection number) - Online | A. Botha collection, Ms 318 [Online]. Manuscripts section, Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. Available: https://www.digital.lib.sun.ac.za [2023, October 19]. | In the Botha collection (A. Botha), ... |
| Archive material (Special collections: Complete) - Personal collection | A. Botha collection, Ms 318. [Collection in possession of author]. | In the Botha collection (A. Botha), ... |
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Archive material (Special collections: Items) |
Coates, A. [1946]. The Boy David [Manuscript]. Albert Coates collection. PDV2. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Music Library, Stellenbosch University. |
(Coates, 1946) |
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Note: |
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Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town. Archives of the Anglo-Boer War. A23, List of graves at Woodstock, 1902. |
(Cape Archives Depot, 1902) |
| Archive material (Special collections: Items) - Online | Coates, A. [1946]. The Boy David [Online]. Albert Coates collection. PDV2. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Music Library, Stellenbosch University. Available: http://digital.lib.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.2/3422 [2023, March 6]. | (Coates, 1946) |
| Archive material (Special collections: Items) | Morrison, J.T. [1895]. Letter with envelope from Edinburgh. J.T. Morrison collection. Ms. 172/2/2(1/13). Manuscripts section, Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. | (Morrison, 1895) |
| Archive material (Special collections: Items) | Van der Riet, B de St. J. [1905]. Notebook. B de St. J. van der Riet collection. Ms. 67/6. Manuscripts section, Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. | (Van der Riet, 1905) |
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Archive material (Special collections) - Audiovisual |
Mpahleni, L. [2010]. Madosini project. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Music Library, Stellenbosch University. |
(Mpahleni, 2010) |
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Archive material (Special collections) - Audiovisual - specific date |
Mpahleni, L. [2010]. Madosini project. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Music Library, Stellenbosch University. 7 October. |
(Mpahleni, 2010) |
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Archive material (Special collections) - Audiovisual - specific instance and date |
Mpahleni, L. [2010]. Madosini project [Hans Huyssen interviewing Latozi Mpahleni]. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Music Library, Stellenbosch University. 7 October. |
(Mpahleni, 2010) |
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Archive material (Personal collections: Items) |
Roosenschoon, H. 2005. Menorah [Manuscript]. [Manuscript in possession of author]. |
(Roosenschoon, 2005) |
| Article: Comment on | Liang, N. 2020. Comment on: Plagborg-Møller, M., Reichlin, L., Ricco, G. & Hasenzagl, T. When is growth at risk? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity [Online], 2020(1):167-229. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Plagborg-Moller-FINAL-WEB.pdf [2024, February 6] | According to Liang (2020:228) ... |
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Article: Periodical - vol & issue |
Jawitz, J. 1995. Performance in first- and second-year engineering at UCT. South African Journal of Higher Education, 9(1):101-108. |
Higher education institutions admit students to tertiary study on the basis of their matriculation results, since these are seen as adequate indicators of academic success (Jawitz, 1995:105). |
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Jawitz (1995:105) underwrites the decision of higher education institutions to admit students on the basis of their matriculation results, since it is seen as adequate indicators of academic success. |
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Article: Periodical - vol, issue & month |
Anorexia nervosa. 1987. American Medical Journal, 3(2), June:47-59. |
It is a growing problem in the United States (Anorexia nervosa, 1987:53). |
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Article: Periodical - No author |
Anorexia nervosa. 1987. American Medical Journal, 3(2), June:47-59. Note: If the author of an article is unknown, the source is listed under the title of the article. |
It is a growing problem in the United States (Anorexia nervosa, 1987:53). |
| Article: Periodical, seasonal |
Lee, S.T. 1986. The semantics of advertising. Psychology Today, 19:34-37, Fall. |
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| Article: Periodical - electronic database | Petrić, B. 2007. Rhetorical functions of citations in high- and low-rated master's theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes [Online], 6(3). Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science [2007, November 30]. |
According to Petrić (2007), a number of rhetorical functions of citations could be identified. |
| Article: Periodical - Institutional Repository (post-print articles / off-prints) - with DOI |
Nell, I.A. 2011. Embodied leadership: Paradigm shifts in the leadership of a local URCSA congregation. Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 52(1):148-160. DOI:10.5952/52-1-13 (no full-stop after DOI) No access date after DOI. If a DOI is not available, but there is a permalink or permanent link to the article, then that may be used as well. Instead of writing DOI:, write URL: |
(Nell, 2011:150) |
| Article: Magazine, Popular |
Cobo, L. 2001. Team songwriting: Boon or bane?, Billboard, 113(32):1, 11 August. |
Cobo (2001:1, 11) emphasizes the history and nature of songwriting collaboration. |
| Article: Magazine, Popular - No author |
The hot box. 2012. Billboard, 124(26):29, 4 August. |
Elton John has received his first No. 1 place in the U.K. Albums Chart (The hot box, 2012:29). |
| Article: Newspaper - Author |
Anthony, E. 2016. Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê. Die Burger, 16 June:3. |
Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Anthony, 2016:3). |
| Article: Newspaper - No author |
Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê. 2016. Die Burger, 16 June:3. |
Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê, 2016:3). |
| Article: Newspaper - No author, no title |
Die Burger. 2016. 16 June:3. |
Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Die Burger, 2016:3). |
| Article: Newspaper (electronic database) | Merryment, E. 2006. Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own. The Australian [Online], 7 October:5. Available: http://www.dowjones.com/factiva/ [2007, February 2]. |
(Merryment, 2006:5) |
| Atlas - editor |
Rasmussen, C. (ed.). c2010. Zondervan atlas of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. |
(Rasmussen, 2010) |
| Atlas - no editor |
RSA atlas. 1996. Rev. ed. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. |
As can be seen in the RSA atlas (1996), ... |
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Reference list | In-text reference |
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Bible (religious text) |
Nelson, T. (ed.). 1994. Holy Bible: The New King James Version. Philadelphia: Pew Library. |
These particular lines (Psalm 23:1-4) refer to God as the Shepherd. |
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Bible (religious text) - Online source |
Nelson, T. (ed.). 1982. Holy Bible: The New King James Version. Nashville: Thomas Nelson [Online]. Available: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+61&version=NKJV. [2016, April 19]. |
These particular lines (Isaiah 61:1-3) refer to Jesus Christ as the Comforter and Healer. |
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Blog (Web log) |
Possible 9-foot model of Brunelleschi's dome found. 2013, January 14. The History Blog [Web log post]. Available: http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/22791 [2013, January 15]. |
(Possible 9-foot model of Brunelleschi's dome found, 2013) |
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Blog (Web log) - author |
Olivier, H. 2013, July 24. Klei-klank soundtrack 2011: Hannelore Olivier and Laura du Toit. Critical landscapes blog [Web log post]. Available: http://criticallandscapesblog.wordpress.com/author/hanneloreoli4/ [2014, February 17]. |
(Olivier, 2013) |
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Book: One author |
Weideman, A.J. 2003. Academic literacy: Prepare to learn. Pretoria: Van Schaik. |
A thorough understanding of what is read is a prerequisite for good academic writing (Weideman, 2003:111). |
| Weideman (2003:111) claims that a thorough understanding of the text is a prerequisite for good writing. | ||
| Bachman, L.F. & Palmer, A.S. 1996. Language testing in practice: Designing and developing useful language texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
Reliability is one of the characteristics of a good test (Bachman & Palmer, 1996:61). | |
| According to Bachman and Palmer (1996:61), reliability is one of the characteristics of a good test. | ||
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Davies, A., Brown, A. , Elder, C. , Hill, K. & McNamara, T. 1999. Dictionary of language testing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
For first reference in text: |
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For all subsequent references in text: Coherence is an aspect of discourse competency that refers to the sequence of continuity of ideas in written or spoken texts (Davies et al., 1999:25). |
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or | |
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For first reference in text: Davies, Brown, Elder, Hill and McNamara (1999:25) describe coherence as an aspect of discourse competency that refers to the sequence of continuity of ideas in written or spoken texts. |
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For all subsequent references in text: Davies et al. (1999:25) describe coherence as an aspect of discourse competency that refers to the sequence of continuity of ideas in written or spoken texts. |
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Advertising in the Western Cape. 1995. Cape Town: ABC Publishers. |
This was apparently not the case before 1990 (Advertising in the Western Cape, 1995:14) | |
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Advertising in the Western Cape (1995:14) stipulates that this was apparently not the case before 1990. | |
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Anderson, P.K. (ed.). 1993. Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy. San Francisco: Pegasus. or Anderson, P.K. (red.). 1993. Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy. San Francisco: Pegasus. |
Hydro energy is one example of renewable energy (Anderson, 1993:73). |
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Independent Television Commission. 1988. The ITC code of advertising standards and practice. London. |
(Independent Television Commission, 1988:48) |
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Blanton, L.L. 1994. Discourse, artefacts and the ozarks: Understanding academic literacy, in V. Zamel & R. Spack (eds.). Negotiating academic literacies: Teaching and learning across languages and cultures. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 235-319. Note: Use the appropriate abbreviation for one or more editors (English and Afrikaans examples): One editor - (ed.) - (red.) More than one editor - (eds.) - (reds.) |
The main implication is that texts should require interaction with the focus on negotiation of meaning within specific contexts (Blanton, 1994:237). |
|
| Book (edition) | Weideman, A.J. 2003. Academic literacy: Prepare to learn. 2nd edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik. | (Weideman, 2003:7) |
|
Kinkeldey, O. 1957. Chinese music, in Yust (editor in chief), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5. Great Britain: Encyclopædia Britannica, Ltd. 574-575. |
The foundation of the lü-system was a set of measured pitch pipes that were specifically calculated and charged with cosmological significance (Kinkeldey 1957:574). |
|
|
Albertyn, J.R. 1932. The poor white and society, in The poor white problem in South Africa: Report of the Carnegie Commission, vol. 5, Sociological report: The poor white and society. Stellenbosch: Pro Ecclesia. 1-146. |
According to Albertyn (1932:7) |
|
|
Sergardi, L. 1994. The Satires. R.E. Pepin (tr.). New York: P. Lang. Note: If your text is written in Afrikaans, you will write (vert.) instead of (tr.). |
(Sergardi, 1994) |
|
|
Schroeder, L.B. 2003. The evolution of women (in press). |
(Schroeder, 2003) |
|
|
Gouws, A. 2000. Review of Whole language: What's the difference?, by C. Edelsky, B. Altwerger & B. Flores. Literator, 44(2):225-227. |
(Gouws, 2000:191) |
|
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Dickson, B., Bertzky, M., Christophersen, T., Epple, C., Kapos, V., Narloch, U. & Trumper, K. [n.d.]. REDD+ beyond carbon: Supporting decisions on safeguards and multiple benefits. UN-REDD Programme policy brief,(2) [Online]. Available: http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=8533&Itemid=53 [2015, June 12]. |
According to Dickson et al. (2014:2) ... |
|
|
Osinowo, A.A. 2015. Combating piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. Africa Security Brief, 30, February [Online]. Available: http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ASB-30-Feb-2015-Combating-Piracy-in-GoG.pdf [2015, June 12]. |
Osinowo (2015:1) ... |
|
|
Le May, G.H.L. 1967. South Africa: The future. Cape Town: C.A. Algar. |
(Le May, 1967:3) |
|
|
Staatkundige hervorming in Suid-Afrika. 1989. Pretoria: Buro vir Inligting. |
(Staatkundige hervorming in Suid-Afrika, 1989:8) |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Cases (Law) |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) |
|
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Note: |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue |
|
|
When paraphrasing from a judgement, include specific pages (and paragraphs where applicable) after the reference. |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD), 163 |
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or |
||
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Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) at 163 |
||
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Note: |
This point is reinforced in the judgment of Grosskopf JA in Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD), 182 when he said “The word ‘onderneming’, which corresponds to ‘venture’ in English text, seems in general somewhat wider although it is capable of bearing the same meaning.” |
|
Cases in textbooks (Law) |
Note: |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) (cited in Haupt 2015, p. 115) implies that… |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Catalogue |
Alborough, A. 2002. Collective works (catalogue). Stellenbosch: Sasol Art Museum. |
(Alborough, 2002) |
| CDs | See 'Sound recordings'. | |
|
CD-ROM |
Odendal, F.F. & Gouws, R.H. 2000. Elektroniese Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal [CD-ROM]. Available: Perskor [2007, September 20]. |
Odendal and Gouws (2000) define ... |
|
Class lectures |
Van Dyk, T.J. 2013. Akademiese Geletterdheid EOT 151-154. Class lecture (Akademiese taalvaardigheid 151-154). Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. |
A consequence of insufficient levels of academic literacy is that, among others, first-year university students do not successfully complete their studies in the minimum time allowed (Van Dyk, 2013). |
|
Class notes |
Bosman, K., Gilson, G., Swart, S., Van Dyk, T.J. & Van Rensburg, C. 2005. Akademiese Geletterdheid EOT 151-154. Class notes (Akademiese taalvaardigheid 151-154). Pretoria: University of Pretoria. |
A consequence of insufficient levels of academic literacy is that, among others, first-year university students do not successfully complete their studies in the minimum time allowed (Bosman et al., 2005:1). |
|
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|
From a study by Bosman et al. (2005:1) it appears that a consequence of insufficient levels of academic literacy is that, among others, first-year university students do not successfully complete their studies in the minimum time allowed. |
|
Class notes (electronic) |
Johnson, K. 2007. Psychology 114 Class notes. Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://www.sun.ac.za/webstudies [2007, May 3]. |
Johnson (2007) is of the opinion that the basic principles of bahaviourism is still relevant. |
|
Commentaries, religious (Bible) |
Dunn, J.D.G. 1988. Word Biblical commentary: Romans 1-8. vol. 38a. Dallas: Word Books. |
According to Dunn (1998:35) ... |
|
Commentaries, religious, chapter (Bible) |
George, T. 1994. History: No other gospel (1:1-2:21). In George, T. The new American commentary: Galatians. vol. 30. Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 67-202. |
According to George (1994:95) ... |
|
Commentaries, religious, chapter (Bible) |
Craddock, F.B. 1998. Hebrews 10:19-39, Life in response to this ministry of Christ. In Keck, L.E. et al. The new interpreter's Bible in twelve volumes, vol. XII. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 67-200. |
According to Craddock (1998:75) ... |
|
Computer game |
Core Design. 1996. Tomb Raider (PC Game). Wimbledon: Eidos Interactive. |
(Core Design, 1996) |
|
Computer software |
Finale (computer software). 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.finalemusic.com [2012, August 14] |
(Finale, 2012) |
| Concert programmes (programme notes) |
|
|
| Conference paper - published |
|
|
| Conference paper - unpublished | Note: The title of an unpublished work is not italicised. |
|
| Conference paper (electronic) |
|
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| Conference paper (electronic) - publication unknown |
|
|
| Conference paper (Online) - no author | Justice and Diakonia, just and inclusive communities, and mission and evangelism programmes. Theological perspectives on Diakonia in 21st century (World Council of Churches), Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2-6 June 2012 [Online]. Available: https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/theological-perspectives-on-diakonia-in-21st-century [2022, June 24]. |
Justice and Diakonia, just and inclusive communities, and mission and evangelism programmes (2012). Note: Write subsequent entries as: Justice and Diakonia (2012). |
| Constitution |
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC). 2008. Constitution [Online]. Available: https://pac.org.za/2008-constitution/ [2022, 25 April]. |
According to the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) (2008) ... |
| Correspondence: Letter, fax, memo, etc. |
|
|
| Correspondence: E-mail |
|
|
| Correspondence (communication): WhatsApp |
Horowitz, S. 2022. WhatsApp message to M. Schlechter. 10 November. |
(Horowitz, 2022) |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Dance (live performance) |
South African National Ballet. Giselle. [Maynardville Theatre, Cape Town, 27 January 2013]. |
(South African National Ballet, 2013) |
|
Database: Journal (periodical) article |
Petrić, B. 2007. Rhetorical functions of citations in high- and low-rated master's theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes [Online], 6(3). Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science [2007, November 30]. |
According to Petrić (2007), a number of rhetorical functions of citations could be identified. |
|
Database and software |
IRESS Expert. 2017. Research domain. Software and database. Johannesburg. |
The data in the graph from company xyz ... (IRESS Expert, 2017) (IRESS Expert, 2017) |
|
|
|
or |
| The data required to calculate the measures investigated in this study, were obtained from the IRESS Expert Database (2017). | ||
|
Datasets |
Statistics South Africa. 2012. Census 2011: Statistical release [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf [2013, January 15]. |
(Statistics South Africa, 2012) |
|
Diagram, Image, Figure |
Office for National Statistics. 2013. Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDocs/dvc1/UKPyramid.html [2013, June 17]. |
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 (Source: Office for National Statistics, 2013) |
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or |
|
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 |
||
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or |
||
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Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 |
||
|
Diagram, Image, Figure (Internet) |
Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/82/Rudolf_Schlechter.jpg [2012, November 21]. |
(Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter, 2010) |
|
Dictionary entry, specific word |
Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1964. S.v. 'punk'. London: Benton. |
Punk music is defined as '...' (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1964). |
| Dictionary entry, specific word (Online dictionary) | Macmillan Dictionary. 2017. S.v. 'digitization' [Online]. Available: https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionoary/british/digitization [2020, March 2]. | The MacMillan Dictionary (2017) defines digitisation as '...'. |
|
Dictionary (encyclopedia) entry |
The New James's Encyclopedia for Fighting Ships. 2001. London: Prentice Hall. |
A periscope can be defined as ... (The New James's Encyclopedia for Fighting Ships, 2001:45). |
|
|
|
The New James's Encyclopedia for Fighting Ships (2001:45) defines a periscope as ... |
|
Dictionary (encyclopedia) entry, author contribution |
Fawcett, P. 1998. Linguistic approaches, in M. Baker (ed.). Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. London: Routledge. 105. |
(Fawcett, 1998:105) |
|
Dictionary (encyclopedia) entry, electronic source |
Sutton, R.A. 2010. South-east Asia, in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online [Online]. Available: http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com:80/subscriber/article/grove/music/43742 [2012, September 20]. |
Anderson Sutton (2010) gives a broad overview of South-East Asian tuning systems. |
|
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) |
Nell, I.A. 2011. Embodied leadership: Paradigm shifts in the leadership of a local URCSA congregation. Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 52(1):148-160, doi:10.5952/52-1-13 (no full-stop after DOI) |
(Nell, 2011:150). |
|
Discography (sound recordings) |
Bach, J.S. 1981. Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721. Concentus Musicus Wien. Conductor Nicolas Harnoncourt. SAWT 9460-A. Hamburg: Telefunken. Sleeve notes by N. Harnoncourt. |
The analysis required intensive listening to J.S. Bach's (1981) Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721, conducted by Nicolas Harnoncourt. |
|
Dissertation, Doctoral (unpublished) |
De Boer, A. 1992. Akademiese steungewing gebaseer op 'n behoeftebepaling vir die Technikon Noord-Transvaal. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. |
Academic support is also the responsibility of a student service point (De Boer, 1992:17). |
|
Dissertation, Doctoral (published) |
Tallent, C.N. 2011. The referral process: Rural primary care physicians' perspectives on providing counseling referrals. Published doctoral dissertation. Ann Arbor: Proquest. |
(Tallent, 2011:47). |
|
Dissertations, Theses (Institutional repository) |
Ramuhala, M.G. 2010. Military intervention in Africa after the Cold War. Unpublished masters thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4186 [2014, July 3]. |
(Ramuhala, 2010:48) |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
E-book |
Beerbohm, M. 1922. A defence of cosmetics. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company [Online]. Available: http://www.archive.org/details/defenceofcosmeti00beer [2006, June 15]. |
Beerbohm (1922) opposes the testing of cosmetic products on animals. |
|
E-book (via E-book reader) |
Beerbohm, M. 2011. A defence of cosmetics [Kindle version]. Available: http://www.amazon.com [2012, June 15]. Note: Use date of Kindle edition. |
Beerbohm (2011) opposes the testing of cosmetic products on animals. |
|
E-mail (Correspondence) |
Joyce, M. 2001. Pattern recognition, E-mail to M. Otto [Online], 13 Jan. Available E-mail: mjoyce@sun.ac.za. |
(Joyce, 2001) |
|
Electronic database: Journal article |
Petrić, B. 2007. Rhetorical functions of citations in high- and low-rated master's theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes [Online], 6(3). Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science [2007, November 30]. |
According to Petrić (2007), a number of rhetorical functions of citations could be identified. |
|
Electronic database: Newspaper article |
Merryment, E. 2006. Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own. The Australian [Online], 7 October:5. Available: http://www.dowjones.com/factiva/ [2 February 2007]. |
(Merryment, 2006:5) |
|
Electronic source: Class notes |
Johnson, K. 2007. Psychology 114 Class notes. Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://www.sun.ac.za/webstudies [2007, May 3]. |
Johnson (2007) is of the opinion that the basic principles of bahaviourism is still relevant. |
|
Electronic source: Dictionary entry |
Sutton, R.A. 2010. South-east Asia, in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online [Online]. Available: http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com:80/subscriber/article/grove/music/43742 [2012, September 20]. |
Anderson Sutton (2010) gives a broad overview of South-East Asian tuning systems. |
|
Electronic source: Website |
Beets, M. 2014. Sidetracked with Joshua Na die Reën [Online]. Available: http://gatewaynews.co.za/sidetracked-with-joshua-na-die-reen/ [2016, April 19]. |
(Beets, 2014) |
|
Electronic source: Website (no author) |
Hugh Masekela: The official site: Biography [Online]. [n.d.]. Available: http://www.hughmasekela.co.za/index.php/bigraphy-copy [2016, April 19]. |
(Masekela, n.d.) |
|
Encyclopaedia entry |
The New James's Encyclopedia for Fighting Ships. 2001. London: Prentice Hall. |
A periscope can be defined as ... (The New James's Encyclopedia for Fighting Ships, 2001:45). |
|
Encyclopaedia entry, author contribution |
Fawcett, P. 1998. Linguistic approaches, in M. Baker (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge. |
(Fawcett, 1998) |
|
Encyclopaedia entry: volume number |
Kinkeldey, O. 1957. Chinese music, in Yust (editor in chief). Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5. Great Britain: Encyclopædia Britannica, Ltd. 574-575. |
The foundation of the lü-system was a set of measured pitch pipes that were specifically calculated and charged with cosmological significance (Kinkeldey 1957:574). |
|
Encyclopaedia entry, electronic source |
Sutton, R.A. 2010. South-east Asia, in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online [Online]. Available: http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com:80/subscriber/article/grove/music/43742 [2012, September 20]. |
Anderson Sutton (2010) gives a broad overview of South-East Asian tuning systems. |
| Exhibition catalogue | Alborough, A. 2002. Collective works (catalogue). Stellenbosch: Sasol Art Museum. | (Alborough, 2002) |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Figure, Image, Diagram |
Office for National Statistics. 2013. Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDocs/dvc1/UKPyramid.html [2013, June 17]. |
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 (Source: Office for National Statistics, 2013) |
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or |
|
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 |
||
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or |
||
|
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 |
||
|
Figure, Image, Diagram (Internet) |
Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/82/Rudolf_Schlechter.jpg [2012, November 21]. |
(Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter, 2010) |
|
Film |
An inconvenient truth [film]. 2006. Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures. |
According to An inconvenient truth (2006), one-third of Greenland's ice caps have melted since 2000. |
|
|
|
One-third of Greenland's ice caps have melted since 2000 (An inconvenient truth, 2006). |
|
Financial data |
South Africa Reserve Bank. 2016. Release of selected monthly data: Economic indicators (seasonally adjusted) [Online]. Available: https://wwwrs.resbank.co.za/webindicators/MonthlyIndicators.aspx?DataType=MRDEI [2016, August 10]. |
(South African Reserve Bank, 2016) |
|
Financial data |
Statistics South Africa. 2016. Consumer Price Index: Additional tables, June [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0141/P0141June2016_Tables.pdf [2016, August 10]. |
(Statistics South Africa, 2016:9-10) |
| Frameworks (Guidelines, Policies) | Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. 2014. Information Literacy training framework [Online]. Available: https://library.sun.ac.za/SiteCollectionDocuments/training/Info%20literacy%20training%20framewrk%20(30%20Sept%20 2014)%20-%20trackd%20changes%20accepted.pdf [2020, May 6]. |
The Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service (2014:1) gives a definition of Information Literacy. |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Government publication (White Paper) |
South Africa. 1980. White paper on the improvement of public transport. Pretoria: Government Publisher. |
(South Africa, 1980) |
| Government publication (White Paper, Online) | World Economic Forum. 2016. White paper on digital transformation of industries: Media, entertainment and information, January 11 [Online]. Available: http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/wef-dti-mediawhitepaper-final-january-2016.pdf [2020, February 4]. |
A World Economic Forum White Paper (2016:11) provides ... The focus soon moves to mobile technologies (World Economic Forum, 2016:11). |
| Government publication |
Office of the Federal Register National Archive and Records Management. 2018. Code of Federal Regulation, 42 - Public Health [Online]. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title42-vol1/xml/CFR-2018-title42-vol1-chapI.xml#seqnum8.1 [2019, May 3]. Note: |
(Office of the Federal Register National Archive and Records Management, 2018) ...
|
| Government publication |
Office of the Federal Register National Archive and Records Management. 2018. Code of Federal Regulation, 42 - Public Health [Online]. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title42-vol1/xml/CFR-2018-title42-vol1-chapI.xml#seqnum8.1 [2019, May 3]. Note: |
According to 42 C.F.R. s 7.2 (Office of the Federal Register National Archive and Records Management, 2018) ... |
| Guidelines (Policies, frameworks) | Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. 2014. Information Literacy training framework [Online]. Available: https://library.sun.ac.za/SiteCollectionDocuments/training/Info%20literacy%20training%20framewrk%20(30%20Sept%20 2014)%20-%20trackd%20changes%20accepted.pdf [2020, May 6]. |
The Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service (2014:1) gives a definition of Information Literacy. |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Image, Figure, Diagram |
Office for National Statistics. 2013. Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDocs/dvc1/UKPyramid.html [2013, June 17]. |
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 (Source: Office for National Statistics, 2013) |
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or |
|
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 |
||
|
or |
||
|
Figure 1: Age structure of United Kingdom for 2013 |
||
|
Image, Figure, Diagram (Internet) |
Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/82/Rudolf_Schlechter.jpg [2012, November 21]. |
(Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter, 2010) |
|
IRESS Expert (Database and software) |
IRESS Expert. 2017. Research domain. Software and database. Johannesburg. |
The data in the graph from company xyz ... (IRESS Expert, 2017)
(IRESS Expert, 2017) |
|
|
|
or |
|
|
|
The data required to calculate the measures investigated in this study, were obtained from the IRESS Expert Database (2017). |
|
Institutional Repository - post-print articles / off-prints |
Nell, I.A. 2011. Embodied leadership: Paradigm shifts in the leadership of a local URCSA congregation. Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 52(1):148-160, doi:10.5952/52-1-13 No full-stop after DOI. |
(Nell, 2011:150) |
|
Institutional Repository - theses or dissertations |
Ramuhala, M.G. 2010. Military intervention in Africa after the Cold War. Unpublished masters thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4186 [2014, July 3]. |
(Ramuhala, 2010:48) |
|
Internet (Website) - Author |
Norback, J.S., Lwellyn, D.C, & Hardin, J.R. 2001. Shoptalk 101: Integrating workplace communication into undergraduate engineering curricula [Online]. Available: http://www.orms-today.org/orms-8-01/norback.html [2005, August 31]. |
The communication skills of engineers are more important today than ever before (Norback et al., 2001). |
| According to Norback et al. (2001), the communication skills of engineers are very important. | ||
|
Internet (Website) - No author |
Guidelines for using charts and graphs. 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.sandhills.edu/academic-departments/english/wordguide/chartadvice.html [2006, February 23]. | Graphs must have a specific purpose to justify its use (Guidelines for using charts and graphs, 2005). |
| Interview, Internet (Website) | Interview: Jacob Collier. 2016. M Magazine [Online]. Available: https://www.m-magazine.co.uk/genres/jazz-genres/interview-jacob-collier/ [2018, August 13]. | The inspiration behind Collier ... (Interview: Jacob Collier, 2018). |
| Interview, Internet (YouTube) | Variety. 2014. 'Theory of everything' interview: Johann Johannsson [Video file]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xn795LO10_U&t=49s/ [2018, August 13]. | (Variety, 2014). |
| Interview (Personal communication) | Coetzee, M. 2007. Personal interview. 30 November, Stellenbosch. | Since 2005, the trend has been an average annual increase of 10% in the number of international students (Coetzee, 2007). |
|
Interview (Personal communication), recorded |
Coetzee, M. 2007. Personal interview. 30 November, Stellenbosch. [Recording in possession of author]. | Since 2005, the trend has been an average annual increase of 10% in the number of international students (Coetzee, 2007). |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Journal (periodical), vol & issue number |
Jawitz, J. 1995. Performance in first- and second-year engineering at UCT. South African Journal of Higher Education, 9(1):101-108. |
Higher education institutions admit students to tertiary study on the basis of their matriculation results, since these are seen as adequate indicators of academic success (Jawitz, 1995:105). |
|
|
|
Jawitz (1995:105) underwrites the decision of higher education institutions to admit students on the basis of their matriculation results, since it is seen as adequate indicators of academic success. |
|
Journal (periodical) - vol, issue number & month |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, 31(15), December:43-54. |
|
|
Journal (periodical) - vol, issue number & season |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, 31(15), Summer:43-54. |
|
|
Journal (periodical) - only volume number |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, 31:43-54. |
|
|
Journal (periodical) - only issue number |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, (15):43-54. |
|
|
Journal (periodical) - No author |
Anorexia nervosa. 1987. American Medical Journal, 3(2), June: 47-59. Note: If the author of an article is unknown, the source is listed under the title of the article. |
It is a growing problem in the United States (Anorexia nervosa, 1987:53). |
| Journal (periodical) - Electronic database | Petrić, B. 2007. Rhetorical functions of citations in high- and low-rated master's theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes [Online], 6(3). Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science [2007, November 30]. |
According to Petrić (2007), a number of rhetorical functions of citations could be identified. |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Kindle (E-book reader) |
Beerbohm, M. 2011. A defence of cosmetics [Kindle version]. Available: http://www.amazon.com [2012, June 15]. Note: Use date of Kindle edition. |
Beerbohm (2011) opposes the testing of cosmetic products on animals. |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Law (Cases) |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) |
|
|
Note: |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue |
|
|
When paraphrasing from a judgement, include specific pages (and paragraphs where applicable) after the reference. |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD), 163 |
|
or |
||
|
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) at 163 |
||
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|
Note: |
This point is reinforced in the judgment of Grosskopf JA in Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD), 182 when he said “The word ‘onderneming’, which corresponds to ‘venture’ in English text, seems in general somewhat wider although it is capable of bearing the same meaning.” |
|
Law (Cases in textbooks) |
Note: |
Burgess v Commissioner for Inland Revenue 1993 (4) SA 161 (AD) (cited in Haupt 2015, p. 115) implies that… |
|
Laws, Acts & Statutes (legislation) |
Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. Pretoria: Government Printer. |
According to the National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000 (Republic of South Africa, 2000), young people are also to be treated with respect and dignity. |
| Laws, Acts & Statutes (legislation) |
Republic of South Africa. 1997. Higher Education Act 101 of 1997. Pretoria: Government Printer. |
According to s 56(1) of the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (Republic of South Africa, 1997) ... or According to subsec (1) of s 56 of the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (Republic of South Africa, 1997) ... |
|
Lectures (class lectures) |
Van Dyk, T.J. 2013. Akademiese Geletterdheid EOT 151-154. Class lecture (Akademiese taalvaardigheid 151-154). Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. |
A consequence of insufficient levels of academic literacy is that, among others, first-year university students do not successfully complete their studies in the minimum time allowed (Van Dyk, 2013). |
| Live performance: Dance | South African National Ballet. 2013. Giselle. [Maynardville Theatre, Cape Town, 27 January]. | (South African National Ballet, 2013) |
| Live performance: Play |
Steyn, R. & Fugard, A. 2013. Die laaste Karretjiegraf. 2013. [Play]. [Fugard Theatre, Cape Town, 25 January]. |
(Steyn & Fugard, 2013) |
| LPs | See 'Sound recordings'. |
Acts
For the first citation to a case, refer in full, e.g.:
Higher Education Act 101 of 1997
Subsequent citations can be abbreviated:
Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the Higher Education Act).
When referring to only one Act, then write: Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the Act).
When referring to more than one Act, refer to the specific Act, e.g. Higher Education Act, South African Schools Act, etc.
Acts are divided into the following hierarchical units: sections, subsections, paragraphs and subparagraphs, therefore:
section 1, subsection (1), paragraph (a), subparagraph (i)
For the first citation to a case, refer in full.
Abbreviate as follows:
section: s (plural: ss)
subsection: subsec (plural: subsecs)
paragraph: para (plural: paras)
subparagraph (subparas)
Example: s 56(1) or subsec (1) of s 56
Two or more subsections: subsecs (1) and (4) of s 56, or s 56(1) and (4).
Constitutions
Refer to the final Constitution, e.g.:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution).
Provincial ordinances
Use same format as for Acts.
Where necessary, add the province, e.g.:
Property Valuation Ordinance of 1993 (WC)
Subordinate legislation
For subordinate legislation (proclamations, rules, regulations, bylaws, ordinances or schedules to an Act) in the Government Gazette (abbreviation: GG) and similar official publications, the following is applicable:
Schedules are divided into paragraphs or items and subparagraphs or subitems:
Schedule 7 para 15 (4) (a) of the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997.
Proclamations are divided into sections, subsections and paragraphs:
Proclamation 56 GG 40334 of 7 October 2016
By Proc 56 of 2016 the amendment was made to the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997.
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Magazine, Popular |
Cobo, L. 2001. Team songwriting: Boon or bane?, Billboard, 113(32):1, 11 August. |
Cobo (2001:1, 11) emphasizes the history and nature of songwriting collaboration. |
| Magazine, Popular - No author |
The hot box. 2012. Billboard, 124(26):29, 4 August. |
Elton John has received his first No. 1 place in the U.K. Albums Chart (The hot box, 2012:29). |
| Manifesto |
Democratic Alliance (DA). 2014. Local government election manifesto: A record of action, and a promise of more [Online]. Available: https://cdn.da.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/18113212/LGE-2021-Manifesto.pdf [2022, April 20]. |
The Democratic Alliance (DA) (2014:7) indicates that ... |
| Map |
Senex, J. 1740. Africa [Map]. Hugh Solomon Map Collection, Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. |
(Senex, 1740) |
| Market survey report |
Holm, D. 2005. Market survey of solar water heating in South Africa for the Energy Development Corporation (EDC) of t he Central Energy Fund (CEF). Johannesburg: SolaSure. |
(Holm, 2005) |
| Market survey report (Internet) |
Holm, D. 2005. Market survey of solar water heating in South Africa for the Energy Development Corporation (EDC) of the Central Energy Fund (CEF) [Online]. Available: http://www.cef.org.za/solar_market_survey.pdf [2012, November 21] |
(Holm, 2005) |
| Microfiche |
Warner, J.L. 2001. Children's attitudes towards race and gender. MA thesis, University of Cincinnati [Microfiche]. Available: ERIC document: ED465131. |
(Warner, 2001) |
| Minutes | Network for African Congregational Theology (NETACT). 2013. Minutes of the 2013 NETACT Annual General Meeting 10-11 July 2013, Worcester, South Africa. | Network for African Congregational Theology (2013:3). |
| Mobile app | Northwest Project Development. 2017. Cell Biology-101, Version 1.80 [Mobile app]. Available: https://apkpure.com/cell-biology-101/com.northwestprojectdevelopment.prepcellbio101 [2018, October 10]. | (Northwest Project Development, 2017). |
| Music score (Sheet music) |
Beethoven, L. van. 1976. Klaviersonaten, vol. 1. Edited by B.A. Wallner. (Urtextausgabe). München: Henle Verlag. |
(Beethoven, 1976) |
| Music score (Sheet music): arranged by |
Fitzgerald, E. & Feldman, A. 1938. A-tisket, a-tasket: For three-part treble voices & piano. Arranged by David J. Elliott. [U.S.A]: Robbins Music. |
Fitzgerald and Feldman (1938) ... |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Newspaper cutting – Author |
Anthony, E. 2016. Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê. Die Burger, 16 June:3. |
Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Anthony, 2016:3). |
| Newspaper cutting (Internet) | Anthony, E. 2016. Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê. Die Burger [Online], 16 June:3. Available: http://www/pressreader.com/south-africa/die-burger/20160616/281642484455586 [2018, November 12]. | Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Anthony, 2016:3). |
| Newspaper cutting (Electronic database) | Merryment, E. 2006. Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own. The Australian [Online], 7 October:5. Available: http://www.dowjones.com/factiva/ [2 February 2007]. | (Merryment, 2006:5) |
|
Newspaper cartoon |
Zapiro. 2012. Cameron can der Burgh breaks world record at Olympic Games [Cartoon]. Times, 31 July. |
(Zapiro, 2012). |
|
Article: Newspaper - No author |
Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê. 2016. Die Burger, 16 June:3. |
Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê, 2016:3). |
| Newspaper cutting - No author, no title |
Die Burger. 2016. 16 June:3. |
Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Die Burger, 2016:3). |
|
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Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Original works of art |
Hayls, J. 1666. Samuel Pepys [Oil on canvas]. National Portrait Gallery, London. |
The portrait by Hayls (1666) was commissioned by Samuel Pepys. |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Pamphlet (Brochure) |
Le May, G.H.L. 1967. South Africa: The future. Cape Town: C.A. Algar. |
(Le May, 1967:3) |
|
Pamphlet (Brochure): No author |
Staatkundige hervorming in Suid-Afrika. 1989. Pretoria: Buro vir Inligting. |
(Staatkundige hervorming in Suid-Afrika, 1989:8) |
|
Patent |
Danin, C. 2003. Article of furniture. SA Patent ZA1993/01575. |
(Danin, 2003) |
|
Periodical (journal), vol & number |
Jawitz, J. 1995. Performance in first- and second-year engineering at UCT. South African Journal of Higher Education, 9(1):101-108. |
Higher education institutions admit students to tertiary study on the basis of their matriculation results, since these are seen as adequate indicators of academic success (Jawitz, 1995:105). |
|
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|
Jawitz (1995:105) underwrites the decision of higher education institutions to admit students on the basis of their matriculation results, since it is seen as adequate indicators of academic success. |
|
Periodical (journal) - vol, issue number & month |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, 31(15), December:43-54. |
|
|
Periodical (journal) - vol, issue number & season |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, 31(15), Summer:43-54. |
|
|
Periodical (journal) - only volume number |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, 31:43-54. |
|
|
Periodical (journal) - only issue number |
Hilton, J. 1993. Cohesion in Latin. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde, (15):43-54. |
|
|
Periodical (journal) - No author |
Anorexia nervosa. 1987. American Medical Journal, 3(2), June:47-59. Note: If the author of an article is unknown, the source is listed under the title of the article. |
It is a growing problem in the United States (Anorexia nervosa, 1987:53). |
|
Periodical (journal) - Electronic database |
Petrić, B. 2007. Rhetorical functions of citations in high- and low-rated master's theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes [Online], 6(3). Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science [2007, November 30]. |
According to Petrić (2007), a number of rhetorical functions of citations could be identified. |
|
Personal communication: E-mail |
Van Dyk, T.J. 2005. Academic writing for university students, e-mail to M. Orr [Online], 17 March. Available e-mail: tvd@sun.ac.za. |
According to Van Dyk (2005), flow and coherence are some of the basic characteristics of good academic writing. |
|
Personal communication: Letter/fax/memo, etc. |
Vermeulen, L. 2007. Correspondence. 23 September, Stellenbosch. |
In 2004, only 47% of the enrolled first-year students completed their studies in the prescribed period (Vermeulen, 2007). |
|
Personal communication: Interview |
Coetzee, M. 2007. Personal interview. 30 November, Stellenbosch. |
Since 2005, the trend has been an average annual increase of 10% in the number of international students (Coetzee, 2007). |
|
Personal communication: Anonymous |
[Anonymous teacher]. 2015. Personal interview. 17 June, Stellenbosch. |
Since 2005, the trend has been an average annual increase of 10% in the number of international students (Anonymous teacher, 2007). |
|
Photographs |
Breytenbach, C. [n.d.]. Eoan opera group [Photographs]. Cloete Breytenbach collection. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Stellenbosch University. |
(Breytenbach, n.d.). |
|
Play (live performance) |
Steyn, R. & Fugard, A. 2013. Die laaste Karretjiegraf. 2013. [Play]. [Fugard Theatre, Cape Town, 25 January 201]. |
(Steyn & Fugard, 2013) |
|
Play script, published |
Fugard, A. 1985. The road to Mecca: A play in two acts: Suggested by the life and work of Helen Martins of New Bethesda. London: Faber and Faber. |
(Fugard, 1985) |
|
Podcast |
The National Gallery. 2013. Episode seventy five (January 2013), The National Gallery monthly podcast [Podcast]. Available: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podcasts/ [2013, January 15]. |
(National Gallery, 2013) |
|
Poem |
Owen, W. 1920. Poems. London: Chatto & Windus. |
(Owen, 1920) |
|
Poem (anthology/from anthology) |
Johnson, J. (ed.). 2001. South African poems. Cape Town: Callisto. |
The poem African Sky by Matamela (Johnson, 2001:67) indicates ... This was indicated by Matamela's African Sky (Johnson, 2001:67), |
|
|
Note: Referencing for poems differs from referencing from book chapters. In-text: mention the poem, poet and page number, with source indicated in brackets. Reference list: Reference the source where poem can be found. References to specific verses and lines can be mentioned in the discussion about the poem. |
|
| Policies (Frameworks, guidelines) | Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. 2014. Information Literacy training framework [Online]. Available: https://library.sun.ac.za/SiteCollectionDocuments/training/Info%20literacy%20training%20framewrk%20(30%20Sept%20 2014)%20-%20trackd%20changes%20accepted.pdf [2020, May 6]. |
The Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service (2014:1) gives a definition of Information Literacy. |
| Policies (general) | Stellenbosch University. [n.d.]. Institutional policies and guidelines [Online]. Available: http://www.sun.ac.za/english/learning-teaching/ctl/t-l-policies-and-guidelines/institutional [2020, May 6]. | The Stellenbosch University (n.d.) institutional policies indicate ... |
| Policies (specific unit) | Stellenbosch University Centre for Teaching and Learning. 2017. Strategy for teaching and learning 2017-2021 [Online]. Available: http://www.sun.ac.za/english/learning-teaching/ctl/Documents/SU%20TL%20Strategy.pdf [2020, May 6]. | The Stellenbosch University Centre for Teaching and Learning (2017) drafted guidelines ... |
| The importance of digital literacy is noted in the Strategy for Teaching and Learning (Stellenbosch University Centre for Teaching and Learning, 2017). | ||
|
Policy brief |
Dickson, B., Bertzky, M., Christophersen, T., Epple, C., Kapos, V., Narloch, U. & Trumper, K. [n.d.]. REDD+ beyond carbon: Supporting decisions on safeguards and multiple benefits. UN-REDD Programme policy brief,(2) [Online]. Available: http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=8533&Itemid=53 [2015, June 12]. |
According to Dickson et al. (2014:2) ... |
| PowerPoint presentation | Johnson, K. 2007. Psychology 114 Class notes. Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://www.sun.ac.za/webstudies [2007, May 3]. |
Johnson (2007) is of the opinion that the basic principles of bahaviourism is still relevant. |
| Press release | Van Niekerk, A. 2015. Stamselnavorsing aan die US [Press release]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. 22 June. |
(Van Niekerk, 2015). |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Radio broadcast |
Skrywers en boeke. 2012. Radio Sonder Grense. Wednesday 12 December. |
Skrywers en boeke (2012) |
|
Religious commentaries (Bible) |
Dunn, J.D.G. 1988. Word Biblical Commentary. Romans 1-8. vol. 38a. Dallas: Word Books. |
According to Dunn (1998:35) ... |
|
Religious commentaries, chapter (Bible) |
George, T. 1994. History: No other gospel (1:1-2:21), in T. George. The new American commentary: Galatians. vol. 30. Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 67-202. |
According to George (1994:95) ... |
|
Religious commentaries, chapter (Bible) |
Craddock, F.B. 1998. Hebrews 10:19-39, Life in response to this ministry of Christ, in L.E. Keck et al. The new interpreter's Bible in twelve volumes. vol. XII. Nashville: Abingdon Press. |
According to Craddock (1998:42) ... |
|
Religious text: Bible |
Nelson, T. (ed.). 1994. Holy Bible: The New King James Version. Philadelphia: Pew Library. |
These particular lines (Psalm 23:1-4) refer to God as the Shepherd. |
|
Religious text: Bible - Online source |
Nelson, T. (ed.). 1982. Holy Bible: The New King James Version. Nashville: Thomas Nelson [Online]. Available: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+61&version=NKJV. [2016, April 19]. |
These particular lines (Isaiah 61:1-3) refer to Jesus Christ as the Comforter and Healer. |
|
Religious text: Tanakh - Online source |
Rosenberg, A.J. (ed.). 2016. The complete Tanach with Rashi's commentary. [S.l.]: Judaica Press [Online]. Available: http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8176. [2016, April 19]. Note: Use the date of the website if no other date is indicated. |
This section (Genesis 12) refers to the Abrahamic blessing. |
| Report | Leitch, S. 2006. Leitch review of skills: Prosperity for all in the global economy: World class skills: Final report. [London]: Stationery Office. | (Leitch, 2006:19) |
| Report (Corporate author) | South African Administration: House of Representatives. Dept. of Local Government, Housing and Agriculture. 1987. The socio-economic development of Genadendal, Bereaville, Voorstekraal and Bosmanskloof. Riversadale: Allen and Von Ravensburg. | (South African Administration: House of Representatives. Dept. of Local Government, Housing and Agriculture, 1987) |
| Report (Corporate author) | General Motors. 2002. 2001 Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors. | Sales have doubled since the turn of the century (General Motors, 2002). |
| Report (Corporate and Multiple authors) |
Stage, F.K., Muller, P.A., Kinzie, J., Simmons, A., Association for the Study of Higher Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, & George Washington University. 1998. Creating learning centered classrooms: What does Learning Theory have to say? ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report [Online], 26(4). Available: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED422778 [2018, April 11] |
Stage, et al. (1998) |
| Report (electronic) | Leitch, S. 2006. Leitch review of skills: Prosperity for all in the global economy: World class skills: Final report. [London]: Stationery Office [Online]. Available: http://www.delni.gov.uk/leitch_finalreport051206%5b1%5d-2.pdf [2013, July 17] | (Leitch, 2006:19) |
| Report (Annual report) | Library and Information Service. 2019. Annual Report [Online]. Available: https://www0.sun.ac.za/lib/en/mobile/index.html [2020, October 13]. | (Library and Information Service, 2019). |
| Report (Market survey) | Holm, D. 2005. Market survey of solar water heating in South Africa for the Energy Development Corporation (EDC) of the Central Energy Fund (CEF). Johannesburg: SolaSure. | (Holm, 2005) |
| Report (Market survey, electronic) | Holm, D. 2005. Market survey of solar water heating in South Africa for the Energy Development Corporation (EDC) of the Central Energy Fund (CEF) [Online]. Available: http://www.cef.org.za/solar_market_survey.pdf [2012, November 21] | (Holm, 2005) |
|
|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Security brief |
Osinowo, A.A. 2015. Combating piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. Africa Security Brief, 30, February [Online]. Available: http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ASB-30-Feb-2015-Combating-Piracy-in-GoG.pdf [2015, June 12]. |
Osinowo (2015:1) ... |
|
Sheet music (Music score) |
Beethoven, L. van. 1976. Klaviersonaten, vol. 1. Edited by B.A. Wallner. (Urtextausgabe). München: Henle Verlag. |
(Beethoven, 1976) |
|
Sheet music (Music score): arranged by |
Fitzgerald, E. & Feldman, A. 1938. A-tisket, a-tasket: For three-part treble voices & piano. Arranged by David J. Elliott. [U.S.A]: Robbins Music. |
Fitzgerald and Feldman (1938) ... |
| Sheet music (Music score): Anthology, excerpt | Furze, J. 1938. Falling leaves, in Progressive pieces for pianoforte. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. | The work by Furze (1938) ... |
|
Social media (Twitter) |
@litreviewhq. 2014, January 29. The get more out of google infographic summarizes online research tricks for students [Twitter post]. Available: https://twitter.com [2013, January 15]. |
(@litreviewhq, 2014) |
|
Social media (video - YouTube) |
Advances in architectural geometry. 2012, October 2 [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRfNbhyPPKs [2013, January 15]. |
(Advances in architectural geometry, 2012) |
|
Social media (video - YouTube - author) |
Arts at MIT. 2012, October 2. Advances in architectural geometry [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRfNbhyPPKs [2013, January 15]. |
(Arts at MIT, 2012) |
|
Social media (Web log) |
Possible 9-foot model of Brunelleschi's dome found. 2013, January 14. The History Blog [Web log post]. Available: http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/22791 [2013, January 15]. |
(Possible 9-foot model of Brunelleschi's dome found, 2013) |
|
Social media (Web log - author) |
Olivier, H. 2013, July 24. Klei-klank soundtrack 2011: Hannelore Olivier and Laura du Toit. Critical landscapes blog. [Web log post]. Available: http://criticallandscapesblog.wordpress.com/author/hanneloreoli4. [2014, February 17] |
(Olivier, 2013) |
|
Social networking site |
Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. 2013. Social networking group (Facebook), 26 November [Online]. Available: http://www.facebook.com [2013, January 15]. |
(Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service, 2013) |
| Software (Mobile app) | Northwest Project Development. 2017. Cell Biology-101, Version 1.80 [Mobile app]. Available: https://apkpure.com/cell-biology-101/com.northwestprojectdevelopment.prepcellbio101 [2018, October 10]. | (Northwest Project Development, 2017). |
|
Software and databases |
McGregor BFA (Pty) Ltd. 2012. Research domain. Software and database. Johannesburg. |
The data in the graph from company xyz ... (McGregor BFA, 2012) |
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or |
|
The data required to calculate the measures investigated in this study, were obtained from the McGregor BFA Database (2012).
|
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Sound recording |
Bach, J.S. 1981. Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721 [Include format]. Concentus Musicus Wien. Conductor Nicolas Harnoncourt. SAWT 9460-A. Hamburg: Telefunken. Sleeve notes by N. Harnoncourt. Note: Include format in square brackets, e.g. CD, Vinyl, etc. |
The analysis required intensive listening to J.S. Bach's (1981) Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721, conducted by Nicolas Harnoncourt. |
| Sound recording (track) | Debussy, C. 1989. 'Suite bergamasque', on A Debussy recital [CD]. London: Decca. | Suite Bergamasque by Debussy (1989) ... |
| Sound recording: CD | Debussy, C. 1982. Images [CD]. Paris City Orchestra. Conductor Daniel Barenboim. 429487-2. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon. Liner notes by Anthony Burton. | The analysis required intensive listening to Claude Debussy's (1982) Images. |
|
Sound recording: LP |
Bach, J.S. 1981. Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721 [Vinyl]. Concentus Musicus Wien. Conductor Nicolas Harnoncourt. SAWT 9460-A. Hamburg: Telefunken. Sleeve notes by N. Harnoncourt. | The analysis required intensive listening to J.S. Bach's (1981) Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721, conducted by Nicolas Harnoncourt. |
| Sound recording: Online | Goosen, A. 2014. Boy van die Suburbs (en Kruidjie-Roer-my-nie) [Online]. Available: https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/boy-van-die-suburbs-en-kruidjie-roer-my-nie/id866464894 [2017, October 20]. | Listening to Anton Goosen's (2014) Boy van die Suburbs, ... |
Sound recording: Sound cassette |
Bach, J.S. 1981. Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721 [Sound cassette]. Concentus Musicus Wien. Conductor Nicola Harnoncourt. SAWT 9460-A. Hamburg: Telefunken. Sleeve notes by N. Harnoncourt. | The analysis required intensive listening to J.S. Bach's (1981) Brandenburgische Konzerte 2, 5, 6 auf Originalinstrumenten 1721, conducted by Nicolas Harnoncourt. |
Special collections (Archive material) |
Coates, A. [1946]. The Boy David [Manuscript]. Albert Coates collection. PDV2. Documentation Centre for Music (DOMUS), Stellenbosch University. | (Coates, 1946) |
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Note: |
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Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town. Archives of the Anglo-Boer War. A23, List of graves at Woodstock, 1902. | (Cape Archives Depot, 1902) |
Special collections (Archive material, personal collections) |
Roosenschoon, H. 2005. Menorah [Manuscript]. [Manuscript in possession of author]. | (Roosenschoon, 2005) |
Speech |
Muller, S. 2009. Transfer of the Eoan archive to DOMUS, 23 April, Stellenbosch [Online] Available: http://www.domus.ac.za/content/view/43/5/. [2013, May 14]. | (Muller, 2009) |
Standard |
South African Bureau of Standards. 1996. Packaging of dangerous goods for road and rail transportation in South Africa. Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards. | (South African Bureau of Standards, 1996) |
Statutes, Acts & Laws (legislation) |
Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. Pretoria: Government Printer. Note: If this source is available electronically, work according to the guidelines for electronic referencing. |
According to the National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000 (Republic of South Africa, 2000), young people are also entitled to be treated with respect and dignity. |
SUNScholar (Institutional Repository: post-print articles / off-prints) |
Nell, I.A. 2011. Embodied leadership: Paradigm shifts in the leadership of a local URCSA congregation. Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 52(1):148-160, doi:10.5952/52-1-13 |
(Nell, 2011:150) |
SUNScholar (Institutional Repository: theses or dissertations) |
Ramuhala, M.G. 2010. Military intervention in Africa after the Cold War. Unpublished masters thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4186 [2014, July 3]. Note: The title of an unpublished work is not italicised. URL: Use persistent links from Institutional Repository for theses and dissertations. |
(Ramuhala, 2010:48) |
| Syllabus | Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM). 2022. Practical music grades: Woodwind: Descant recorder syllabus. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. | This can be found in the descant recorder syllabus for grade 1 (ABRSM, 2022:25-26). |
| Syllabus (Online, edition included) | Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM). 2023. Music performance grades. Second edition. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music [Online]. Available: https://www.abrsm.org/en-gb/performance-grades/about-performance-grades [2024, April 15]. Note: Use the URL for the document consulted. The above example contains a shorted version of the URL for illustrative purposes. |
Grades for are marked according to specific assessment criteria (ABRSM, 2023:18-19). |
| Syllabus (Online) |
Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM). 2022. Practical music grades: Woodwind: Descant recorder syllabus. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music [Online]. Available: https://www.abrsm.org/en-gb/instruments/woodwind/descant-recorder [2024, April 15]. |
This can be found in the descant recorder syllabus for grade 1 (ABRSM, 2022:25-26). |
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|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Table |
Newham, L.T.H., Cuddy, S.M., Vertessy, R.A. & Jakeman, A.J. 2004. Informing the design of catchment contaminant cycle modelling - a survey of end-user needs: CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 11/04. Canberra: CSIRO Land and Water. |
Table 1: Primary interest in the management of contaminants stratified by activity type (Source: Newham, Cuddy, Vertessu & Jakeman, 2004:5) |
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or |
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Table 1: Primary interest in the management of contaminants stratified by activity type
(Source: Newham, Cuddy, Vertessu & Jakeman, 2004:5) |
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Tanakh (Religious text) - Online source |
Rosenberg, A.J. (ed.). 2016. The complete Tanach with Rashi's commentary. [S.l.]: Judaica Press [Online]. Available: http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/8176. [2016, April 19]. Note: Use the date of the website if no other date is indicated. |
This section (Genesis 12) refers to the Abrahamic blessing. |
|
Television programme |
Egoli [Video recording]. 29 November 2007. Johannesburg: M-Net. |
The patricarch Chris Edwards is not at home to support his daughter during her disciplinary hearing (Egoli, 2007). |
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Thesis, Master's |
Crathorne, P.J. 2010. Video game genres and their music. Unpublished master's thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. Note: |
In opera, music is used to accompany mostly sung text, but also drama and sometimes even dancing on-stage (Crathorne, 2010:9). |
Dissertation, Doctoral (unpublished) |
De Boer, A. 1992. Akademiese steungewing gebaseer op 'n behoeftebepaling vir die Technikon Noord-Transvaal. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. |
Academic support is also the responsibility of a student service point (De Boer, 1992:17). |
Dissertation, Doctoral (published) |
Tallent, C.N. 2011. The referral process: Rural primary care physicians' perspectives on providing counseling referrals. Published doctoral dissertation. Ann Arbor: Proquest. |
(Tallent, 2011:47) |
Theses and dissertations (Institutional Repository) |
Ramuhala, M.G. 2010. Military intervention in Africa after the Cold War. Unpublished masters thesis. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4186 [2014, July 3]. |
(Ramuhala, 2010:48) |
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Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Video file (Social media) |
Advances in architectural geometry. 2012, October 2. [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRfNbhyPPKs [2013, January 15]. |
(Advances in architectural geometry, 2012) |
|
Video file (Social media - author) |
Arts at MIT. 2012, October 2. Advances in architectural geometry [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRfNbhyPPKs [2013, January 15]. |
(Arts at MIT, 2012) |
|
Video game |
Core Design. 1996. Tomb Raider [PC game]. Wimbledon: Eidos Interactive. |
(Core Design, 1996) |
Video recording |
Australia's geological history [Video recording]. 1986. Sydney: Outback Films. |
(Australia's geological history, 1986) |
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|
Reference list | In-text reference |
|
Web log (blog) |
Possible 9-foot model of Brunelleschi's dome found. 2013, January 14. The History Blog [Web log post]. Available: http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/22791 [2013, January 15]. |
(Possible 9-foot model of Brunelleschi's dome found, 2013) |
|
Web log (blog) - author |
Olivier, H. 2013, July 24. Klei-klank soundtrack 2011: Hannelore Olivier and Laura du Toit. Critical landscapes blog [Web log post]. Available: http://criticallandscapesblog.wordpress.com/author/hanneloreoli4 [2014, February 17]. |
(Olivier, 2013) |
| Webinar | Maguire, A. 2021. Research biobanking specimens [Webinar]. StellMed. Available: https://biobank.sun.ac.za/introduction-to-and-types-of-specimens-for-research-biobanking/ [2023, November 21]. | (Maguire, 2021) |
| Webinar (series) | AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource (ACSR). 2021-2022. Biobank webinar series 2021-2022: Biospecimens for research: Fit for purpose [Webinar]. StellMed. Available: https://biobank.sun.ac.za [2023, November 21]. | (AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, 2021-2022) |
|
Website (Internet) |
Beets, M. 2014. Sidetracked with Joshua Na die Reën [Online]. Available: http://gatewaynews.co.za/sidetracked-with-joshua-na-die-reen/ [2016, April 19]. |
(Beets, 2014) |
|
Website (Internet - no author) |
Hugh Masekela: The official site: Biography [Online]. [n.d.]. Available: http://www.hughmasekela.co.za/index.php/bigraphy-copy [2016, April 19]. |
(Hugh Masekela, n.d.) |
|
White Paper (Government publication) |
Republic of South Africa. Department of Education. 1995. White Paper on education and training. Government Gazette no. 16312, 15 March. Note: |
According to the White Paper on education and training (Republic of South Africa, 1995:21), Higher Education should be accessible to everybody. |
| White Paper (Government publication, Online) | World Economic Forum. 2016. White paper on digital transformation of industries: Media, entertainment and information, January 11 [Online]. Available: http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/wef-dti-mediawhitepaper-final-january-2016.pdf [2020, February 4]. |
A World Economic Forum White Paper (2016:11) provides ... The focus soon moves to mobile technologies (World Economic Forum, 2016:11). |
|
Wiki |
Discourse DB. 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.discoursedb.org/wiki/Main_Page [2012, November 21] |
(Discourse DB, 2012) |
Working paper |
Mzamane, M.V. 2001. Where there is no vision the people perish: Reflections on the African Renaissance. Working Paper No. 16. Magill, South Australia: Hawke Institute, University of South Australia. |
“Abuja and Accra were, in some important respects, dress rehearsals for the launch of the Millenium Partnership for African Recovery Program” (Mzamane, 2001:16). |
Working paper (Institution included) |
Cook, David. 2014. Boko Haram: A new Islamic state in Nigeria. Religion and Public Policy Working Paper, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University [Online]. Available: http://bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/5f1f63c4/BI-pub-BokoHaram-121114.pdf [2015, August 27]. |
(Cook, 2014:7) |
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Reference list | In-text reference |
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Yearbook |
Stellenbosch University. 2009-B. Yearbook for 2009 of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences [Online]. Available: http://www.sun.ac.za/university/jaarboek/ [2012, September 20]. |
The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences proved to be relevant to the present study (Stellenbosch University 2009:57-66). |
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Youtube |
Hashim Amla press conference, 14 November 2012 [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbDjQFwnSnM [2012, November 16]. |
(Hashim Amla press conference, 2012) |
| Youtube | Paixao, Gilberto & Jincharadze, Ana. 2016. Forró de Domingo Festival, Stuttgart, Germany, 26-29 May 2016 [Video file]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbDjQFwnSnM [2021, November 30]. | (Paixao & Jincharadze, 2016) |
